Dendrite growth and identity may depend on these structures because Golgi outposts regulate dendritic branching and morphology (Horton et al., 2005 Ye et al., 2007). Likewise, functionally competent Golgi outposts containing galactosyltransferase and GM130 have been observed in dendrites (Kennedy and Ehlers, 2006). For example, endosomal compartments bearing Rab11 are present in dendrites and dendritic spines where they carry out recycling functions to and from the plasma membrane (Wang et al., 2008). Despite the obvious spatial and geometrical constrains that condition these biosynthetic events, the structure of secretory organelles and the trafficking mechanisms in the neuron's highly polarized morphology are only beginning to emerge (Pierce et al., 2001 Kennedy and Ehlers, 2006). The transport of newly synthesized membrane lipids and proteins to distal regions in dendrites and axons is essential for neuronal function. Key terms: endoplasmic reticulum, protein trafficking, dendrites, neuron. Running title: structure and function of the dendritic endoplasmic reticulum. We additionally discuss the roles of the dendritic endoplasmic reticulum in synaptic plasticity. We also focus on the trafficking of proteins through the dendritic endoplasmic reticulum, emphasizing the relevance of transport, retention, assembly of multi-subunit protein complexes and export. Here we review the current understanding of the endoplasmic reticulum in neurons, its structure, composition, dendritic distribution and dynamics. Particularly incipient is our knowledge of the role of the neuronal endoplasmic reticulum. Neurons are highly polarized, but the trafficking mechanisms that operate in these cells and the topological organization of their secretory organelles are still poorly understood. Ramírez 1,2, Steffen Härtel 2,3 and Andrés Couve 1,3 *ġ Program of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.Ģ Laboratory of Scientific Image Analysis (SCIAN-Lab), Program of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.ģ Nucleus of Neural Morphogenesis (NEMO), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile. Location matters: the endoplasmic reticulum and protein trafficking in dendrites
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